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second law

Post author By Miraj Ahmad Ansari
Post date December 2, 2020

IIT JAM CHEMISTRY / TIFR Chemical Thermodynamics second law

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← thermochemistry → entropy and free energy

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Basic Mathematical Concepts

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maxima and minima

ordinary differential equations

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elementary statistics and probability theory

Atomic and Molecular Structure

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Fundamental particles

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wave-particle duality

uncertainty principle

Schrödinger’s wave equation

quantum numbers

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Hund’s rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle

electronic configuration of simple homonuclear diatomic molecules

Theory of Gases

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Equation of state for ideal and non-ideal (van der Waals) gases

Kinetic theory of gases

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law

equipartition of energy

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Crystals and crystal systems

NaCl and KCl structures

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Born-Haber cycle

heat capacity of solids

Chemical Thermodynamics

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Reversible and irreversible processes

first law and its application to ideal and nonideal gases

thermochemistry

entropy and free energy

criteria for spontaneity

Chemical and Phase Equilibria

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Law of mass action; Kp, Kc, Kx and Kn

effect of temperature on K

ionic equilibria in solutions

pH and buffer solutions

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phase equilibria–phase rule and its application to one-component and two-component systems

colligative properties

Electrochemistry

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Conductance and its applications

transport number

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Debey-Huckel-Onsagar theory of strong electrolytes

Chemical Kinetics

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Reactions of various order

Arrhenius equation

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transition state theory

chain reactions – normal and branched

enzyme kinetics

photochemical processes

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Gibbs adsorption equation

adsorption isotherm

types of adsorption

surface area of adsorbents

surface films on liquids

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Beer-Lambert law

fundamental concepts of rotational, vibrational, electronic and magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry and Stereochemistry

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Electronic effects (resonance, inductive, hyperconjugation) and steric effects and its applications (acid/base property);

optical isomerism in compounds with and without any stereocenters (allenes, biphenyls);

conformation of acyclic systems (substituted ethane/n-propane/n-butane) and cyclic systems (mono- and di-substituted cyclohexanes).

Organic Reaction Mechanism and Synthetic Applications

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Chemistry of reactive intermediates (carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, nitrenes, benzynes etc.);

Hofmann-Curtius-Lossen rearrangement, Wolff rearrangement, Simmons-Smith reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Michael reaction, Darzens reaction, Wittig reaction and McMurry reaction;

Pinacol-pinacolone, Favorskii, benzilic acid rearrangement, dienone-phenol rearrangement, Baeyer-Villeger reaction;

oxidation and reduction reactions in organic chemistry

organometallic reagents in organic synthesis (Grignard, organolithium and organocopper); Diels-Alder, electrocyclic and sigmatropic reactions;

functional group inter-conversions and structural problems using chemical reactions

Qualitative Organic Analysis

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elementary UV, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques as tools for structural elucidation

Natural Products Chemistry

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Aromatic and Heterocyclic Chemistry:

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Monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and monocyclic compounds with one hetero atom

synthesis, reactivity and properties

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Chemical Bonding and Shapes of Compounds

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Types of bonding; VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules

structure of NaCl, CsCl, diamond and graphite

Main Group Elements (s and p blocks)

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General concepts on group relationships and gradation in properties

structure of electron deficient compounds involving main group elements

Transition Metals (d block):

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Characteristics of 3d elements; oxide, hydroxide and salts of first row metals

coordination complexes

structure, isomerism, reaction mechanism and electronic spectra; VB, MO and Crystal Field theoretical approaches for structure, color and magnetic properties of metal complexes; organometallic compounds having ligands with back bonding capabilities such as metal carbonyls, carbenes, nitrosyls and metallocenes; homogenous catalysis

Bioinorganic Chemistry

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Essentials and trace elements of life

basic reactions in the biological systems and the role of metal ions, especially Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+

structure and function of hemoglobin and myoglobin and carbonic anhydrase

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